G Adjectives and adverbs a) When to use adjectives and adverbs Adjectives and adverbs can make texts more interesting, more informative and livelier. Adjective or adverb? How to use them Undoubtedly, Romeo and Juliet is the best known of Shakespeare’s plays. It starts very dramatically with a fierce fight between some servants of the greatest families in Verona, the Capulets and the Montagues, who are deadly enemies. Later, Romeo, a Montague, meets Juliet, the beautiful daughter of the Capulets, at a ball. They fall in love immediately. In the most famous scene in the play, Romeo waits under Juliet’s balcony and they arrange a secret marriage. They are extremely happy. But this happiness is not to last. • Adjectives express what someone or something is like. They can be used attributively, i.e. before or after a noun (a fierce fight), or predicatively, i.e. as part of the predicate (They are … happy.) • Adverbs express the way something happens or is done. (They fall in love immediately.) Adverbs can modify verbs (It starts … dramatically.), adjectives (extremely happy) or other adverbs (very dramatically). • Adverbs like undoubtedly, obviously, of course, etc. can comment on a whole sentence: Undoubtedly, Romeo and Juliet is … . b) Comparisons of adjectives and adverbs Regular comparative and superlative forms Irregular comparative and superlative forms Adjectives: big, bigger, biggest expensive, more expensive, most expensive Adverbs: fast, faster, fastest clearly, more clearly, most clearly good/well – better – best bad/badly – worse – worst many – more – most much – more – most little – less – least G 1 1 You can find these topics in the section “Grammar for reference” in Prime Time 5 (978-3-209-12797-6). Grammar for reference (2) Overview Prime Time 51 Chapter Page G 1 Present forms 154 G 2 Future forms 155 G 3 Past forms 156 G 4 Adjectives 157 G 5 Modal verbs 158 G 6 Adverbs of manner and degree 160 G 7 Indirect speech 162 G 8 The passive voice 162 G 9 Adverbial clauses 163 G 10 Defining and non-defining relative clauses 164 G 11 Conditional clauses 164 Prime Time 6 Chapter Page G 1 Adjectives and adverbs 168 G 2 Tense overview 170 G 3 Non-finite verb forms 172 G 4 Modal verbs 174 G 5 The passive voice 175 G 6 Direct and indirect (reported) speech 176 G 7 Relative clauses 177 G 8 Conditional clauses 177 G 9 Sentences with adverbial clauses 178 G 10 Linking sentence parts with gerunds and participles 178 168 Grammar for reference (2) Vocabulary Words in blue: These words/phrases are the most important ones, the core vocabulary. You should learn them first. Words in black: These words/phrases are additional vocabulary, which will further help you to improve your language skills. Digitalisation Digital media and you 1 multiplayer I played in multiplayer mode and secured three wins. Mehrspieler/in episode After dinner, I watched an episode of my favourite series. Folge 2 digital media The rise of digital media has significantly impacted traditional journalism. digitale Medien well-being Regular exercise contributes to overall well-being. Wohlbefinden 4 to appreciate We should always appreciate the beauty of nature. schätzen blended learning Many educational institutions are adopting blended learning to enhance student engagement. Blended Learning (Lernmodell, in dem computergestütztes Lernen und klassischer Unterricht kombiniert werden) virtual meeting Many companies use virtual meetings to connect with remote employees. virtuelle Besprechung connectivity issue Connectivity issues can disrupt a smooth workflow. Verbindungsprobleme distraction Loud noise can be a major distraction while studying. Ablenkung notification Turning off unnecessary notifications can increase productivity. Benachrichtigung 5 myth Many cultures have myths explaining natural phenomena. Mythos cognitive scientist A cognitive scientist studies how the brain processes information. Kognitionswissenschaftler/in to be outdated This software is outdated and needs an update. veraltet sein A glimpse at social networks 1 listener The radio station has thousands of regular listeners. Zuhörer/in social media Social media platforms are popular for sharing photos and updates. soziale Medien privacy It is essential to maintain privacy while using online platforms. Datenschutz virtual reality (VR) Virtual reality technology is used in gaming and simulations. virtuelle Realität augmented reality (AR) Augmented reality adds digital elements to a live view. erweiterte Realität platform Many businesses use online platforms for advertising. Plattform feature The new smartphone has several innovative features. Funktion community Volunteering is a great way to give back to the community. Gemeinschaft mental health Adequate sleep is beneficial for mental health. geistige Gesundheit pressure The deadline created additional pressure on the team. Druck digital landscape The digital landscape is evolving with the advent of new technologies. digitale Landschaft curious The curious child asked many questions. neugierig influencer Many influencers promote products on their social media accounts. Influencer/in 2 responsible Every citizen is responsible for keeping the environment clean. verantwortlich content The book’s content includes various topics on history. Inhalt to complain If the product is defective, the customer has the right to complain. sich beschweren 3 safety Always wear a helmet for your safety while riding a bicycle. Sicherheit transparency Government agencies must maintain transparency in their work. Transparenz advertising Advertising plays a key role in a product’s market success. Werbung Unit 1 181 Der Abschnitt Grammar for reference stellt die in der Unit behandelten Strukturen ausführlich dar, die darauf abgestimmten Erläuterungen unterstützen bei der Entwicklung von grammatischer Kompetenz. Das unitbegleitende Vocabulary listet den Wortschatz in der Reihenfolge seines Vorkommens auf. Die farbliche Kennzeichnung von Kern- und Erweiterungswortschatz hilft bei der Orientierung. Discussing the content a) How were people from the Caribbean treated in Britain in the early years? b) What were the main problems immigrants from the Caribbean had to face? c) How did the Caribbean community respond to their new surroundings? d) What information does the text give about the influence people of Caribbean origin have had on London? Writing: A summary WG 1 Study the section about summaries in the writing guide on page 160. Then write a summary of the text about Caribbean London. Follow these steps: a) Read the text and write down a maximum of five words for each paragraph. Use these notes when you actually write your summary. b) Find the main idea of the text and write it at the beginning of your summary. What is the text about? c) Write a paragraph about each aspect of the text. Keep it short and leave out anything that is not really necessary. d) Make sure that your text sounds like a factual text. This means that you should only write about facts. e) Link the paragraphs with suitable words/phrases. Text analysis: An article This text is an article. Find out what the characteristics of such a text are. You can use the word bank on the right. Think about: • the length and complexity of the sentences • the forms and structures used • the choice of vocabulary • the function of the text A TV news report: The Notting Hill Carnival Watch the short news report and collect information on the following aspects: a) Atmosphere: Say what adjectives you could use to describe the atmosphere at the carnival, based on what you see in the pictures. b) Details of the clip: • What anniversary did this particular carnival mark? • What information was given in numbers? • Is the carnival still as popular as it was when it first started in 1964? How do you know? c) Discussion: Judging from what you have seen and heard about the carnival, do you feel it is an example of multi-ethnic Britain being a success story – or not? Give your reasons. 2 Word bank historical background • shocked and disappointed • second-class citizen • racial/verbal abuse • low wages • to rent • fear • prejudice • to discriminate against • self-help organisations • to take action W 3 4 Word bank formal/informal language • focus on facts • general descriptions • short/complex sentences • to inform • to instruct • to give facts • to describe • to explain • to give an overview about • to entertain • to appeal W 5 02v 23 W Writing guide A summary Page 23 A summary is a shortened version of a text that highlights its key points. The primary purpose of a summary is to give an accurate, objective representation of what the original text says. Checklist: Summary • The summary is shorter than the source. • It repeats the ideas of the source in different phrases and sentences. • Include important data but leave out minor points. • Do not include your own ideas. You are simply repeating what the source text says, using fewer words. • There is no conclusion to a summary. Sample prompt Summarise the text “Marathon kids: Too young to run?”. 1 Two weeks ago Nicholas Burke completed his second marathon in just under three and a half hours. There’s nothing sensational about this story – except that Nicholas is only 17. Nicholas is among a small but growing number of teenagers reported to be completing marathons and 21-kilometre half marathons at important races all over Canada. Their participation highlights one of the most controversial questions in the running world: How young is too young to run 42.2 kilometres? Many adults are worried about these young competitors, fearing that some are being forced to dangerous extremes by over-ambitious parents. Marathons can cause permanent injury to growing bodies, some sports doctors say, who warn that the road race may be the newest sports arena where children’s bodies are being pushed too hard. On the other hand, so many organisations are worried about overweight kids and their sedentary lifestyle of computers, TV and cars that running programmes for the young are now promoted at marathon events all over North America – and they are becoming very popular. One doctors’ organisation sees nothing wrong in letting children run marathons, as long as they train properly. But does it have to be the full 42.2-kilometre marathon? “Yes,” Nicholas says. He caught the marathon bug at 10, when he saw athletes on TV running over the finish line at the New York Marathon. By 12, he was running two kilometres a night after dinner. At 15, he completed his first 5-kilometre competitive race. Not being able to find a running coach in the small Canadian village where he lives, Nicholas followed a 6-month marathon-training programme online. “My doctor gave me the green light, too,” he said, “so my mum quit worrying about my health.” Nicholas’s goal is to qualify for the race that first inspired him: the New York Marathon. By the time he has to qualify in May, Nicholas will be 18 and thus able to meet New York’s age requirement. “When I run, I get this fantastic feeling,” he says. “That it’s my own time and everything, just for me. And nobody can stop me.” 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Sample summary A new trend that is becoming more and more popular for teenagers is taking part in marathons and 21-kilometre half marathons. However, whether or not this is harmful to a young body is currently being discussed in the medical world. On the one hand, too much sport obviously can have negative effects on bodies that are not yet fully grown, many doctors warn. Moreover, there is the danger of parents forcing their children to perform well. On the other hand, however, health organisations are increasingly worried about overweight kids. 17-year-old Canadian Nicholas Burke started running when he was ten and has already run two full marathons, one of them in under three and a half hours. His next aim is to take part in the New York Marathon, and he is waiting impatiently because there is an age limit of 18. (141 words) 5 10 15 160 Writing guide Der Writing guide stellt die auf dem jeweiligen GERS-Niveau relevanten Textsorten modellhaft dar. Die Beispieltexte werden durch Useful language und Useful tips ergänzt. Seitenverweise zurück auf die Units stellen den Kontext sicher und erleichtern das Arbeiten. Verweis auf eine Audio-Datei c Verweis auf die QuickMedia-App Verweis auf eine Video-Datei v Verweis auf eine Übung, für die ein Internetzugang benötigt wird Verweis auf eine Übung, bei der das Learning journal zum Einsatz kommt. j Kennzeichnung einer Übung im Format der Standardisierten Reifeprüfung oder anderer standardisierter Prüfungen Abkürzungen und Zeichen adj. adjective SAE South African English coll. colloquial sb. somebody etw. etwas sth. something jmdm. jemandem jmdn. jemanden pl. Plural ist das Gegenteil von ist verwandt mit = entspricht Symbole W Writing guide A summary Page 23 A summary is a shortened version of a text that highlight give an accurate, objective representation of what the ori Checklist: Summary • The summary is shorter than the source. • It repeats the ideas of the source in different phrases a • Include important data but leave out minor points. • Do not include your own ideas. You are simply repeatin • There is no conclusion to a summary. Sample prompt Summarise the text “Marathon kids: Too young to run?”. 1 Two weeks ago Nicholas Burke completed his second marathon in just under three and a half hours. There’s nothing sensational about this story – except that Nicholas is only 17. Nicholas is among a small but growing number of teenagers reported to be completing marathons and 21-kilometre half marathons at important races all over Canada. Their participation highlights one of the most controversial questions in the running world: How young is too young to run 42.2 kilometres? Many adults are worried about these young competitors, fearing that some are being forced to dangerous extremes by over-ambitious parents. Marathons can cause permanent injury to growing bodies, some sports doctors say, who warn that the road race may be the newest sports arena where children’s bodies are being pushed too hard. On the other hand, so many organisations are worried about overweight kids and their sedentary lifestyle of computers, TV and cars that running programmes for the young are now promoted at marathon events all over North America – and they are becoming very popular. 5 10 15 20 Sample summary A new trend that is becoming more and more popular for teenagers is taking part in marathons and 21-kilometre half marathons. However, whether or not this is harmful to a young body is currently being discussed in the medical world. On the one hand, too much sport obviously can have negative effects on bodies that are not yet fully grown, many doctors warn. Moreover, there is the danger of parents forcing 5 Writing guide Page 23 WG 1 3 Nur zu Prüfzwecken – Eigentum des Verlags öbv
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