G b) Participle constructions Participle constructions instead of adverbial clauses How to use them Hoping to find a piece of land of their own, lots of late arrivals had to move further and further west. (As/Since they hoped … .) Warned about hostile Native Americans, the settlers tried to reach the nearest fort. (After/As/Because they had been warned … .) • These participle constructions can be used instead of adverbial clauses. The settlers were able to find some rest and repair their wagons while staying at those forts. • They can be introduced by a conjunction (after, as, since, while, when, though, etc.) Having lost some of their horses in the desert, the settlers were in a terrible situation. • You can also use the perfect form of the participle: Having lost … . Participle constructions instead of relative clauses How to use them Among the people moving west were adventurers looking for gold, ranchers and railroad workers. The circle formed of twenty or more wagons offered the settlers some protection at night. • Participle constructions can be used to shorten relative clauses: moving = who were moving formed = which was/had been formed Participle constructions for events happening at the same time How to use them Sometimes the Native Americans attacked and rode round the circle of wagons, waving their tomahawks and uttering shrill cries. • You can also use participle constructions to describe events happening at the same time as the events described in the main clause. Participle constructions with a subject of their own How to use them The towns on the East Coast becoming more and more crowded, people began to look for land further west. • These participle constructions have their own subject (The towns on the East Coast), which is different from the subject of the main clause (people). They sound very formal. With so many people moving into Native American territory, life for the Native Peoples changed dramatically. • When these participle constructions are introduced by with, they sound less formal and can also be used in colloquial English. 180 Grammar for reference (2) Nur zu Prüfzwecken – Eigentum des Verlags öbv
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