Conditional clause: present simple Main clause: imperative If you are serious about that plan, start to give up some of your expensive habits! Conditional clause: past perfect Main clause: conditional If you had accepted the job my dad had offered you, you’d be earning a lot of money now. Sentences with adverbial clauses There are adverbial clauses of time, reason, condition, etc. These adverbial clauses add extra information to what is said in the main clause. There are a number of typical conjunctions that can be used with the different adverbial clauses. Sentences with adverbial clauses How to use them Before the American Revolution broke out, there were few links between the Thirteen Colonies. • Adverbial clauses of time Conjunctions: when, as, after, while, as soon as, before, until/till, since Neighbouring colonies were often hostile to each other because they quarrelled over territory and trade. • Adverbial clauses of reason Conjunctions: as, since, because Although the population of the Thirteen Colonies was only 2.5 million in 1775, the population was increasing fast. Britain wanted the colonies to pay higher taxes, whereas the Thirteen Colonies wanted representation in Parliament. • Adverbial clauses of concession or contrast Conjunctions: although, though, even though, while, whereas The American rebels might have lost the War of Independence if the French had not helped them. • Adverbial clauses of condition Conjunctions: if, even if, unless At the end of the war the Americans drafted a democratic constitution so that their newly won liberties would be protected. • Adverbial clauses of purpose and result Conjunctions: so/such that Linking sentence parts with gerunds and participles a) Gerund constructions Gerunds instead of subordinate clauses How to use them Before deciding to move to America, many emigrants had suffered hardship and persecution in their home countries. On arriving in the promised land, they immediately looked for jobs. • You can use a gerund after before, on, for, after and in spite of. • These gerund constructions are used instead of subordinate clauses: Before deciding … . = Before they decided … . On arriving … . = When they arrived … . Gerunds after certain phrases How to use them Some of the newcomers hoped to get rich by finding gold. Others thought it was no use digging for gold where there was none. • You can also use a gerund after instead of, by, without, apart from, as well as, What about … ?, It’s worth … . and It’s no use … . -ing form with a subject of its own How to use it The white settler didn’t like his little son playing with Native American children. He objected to them coming to their house. • It is possible to put a noun (his little son) or a pronoun (them) between the verb and the -ing form. This gives the -ing form a subject of its own. G 9 G 10 179 Nur zu Prüfzwecken – Eigentum des Verlags öbv
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