G Non-defining relative clauses How to use them George Orwell, who was born in Bengal, wrote Animal Farm and 1984. The Seven Commandments, which the pigs write on a barn wall, become law on the farm. • Non-defining relative clauses add extra information. This can make the sentence more interesting. But the main clause is complete and understandable without it. • There are commas between main clause and non-defining relative clause. • In non-defining relative clauses we use who for people and which for things. • Whose as a possessive determiner can be used for people and things. Contact clauses How to use them The work which/that the animals have to do on the farm becomes harder and harder. • The relative pronoun can be left out if it is the object of the relative clause, which then becomes a contact clause. Relative clauses referring to the main clause How to use them The tools on the farm were designed for men, which made work very difficult for the animals. • A relative clause with which can also be used to comment on the main clause. Conditional clauses Conditional sentences consist of a conditional clause (= if-clause) and a main clause. The conditional clause expresses a condition and the main clause describes the consequence. Many combinations of tenses are possible in conditional sentences. Below are the three basic types. a) Type 1 conditional clauses: Probable conditions The condition may be fulfilled in the future. Conditional clause: present simple Main clause: “will” future If you park your car in their driveway, our neighbours will complain. b) Type 2 conditional clauses: Unlikely but possible conditions The condition is unlikely to be fulfilled in the future or is purely theoretical. Conditional clause: past simple Main clause: conditional If I had lots of money, I’d go on a trip round the world. c) Type 3 conditional clauses: Unreal/Hypothetical conditions in the past The condition can no longer be fulfilled because it refers to a situation in the past that is over now. Conditional clause: past perfect Main clause: conditional perfect If you hadn’t bought that sports car last year, you would have been able to afford the trip. d) Other frequently used combinations of tenses in conditional sentences Conditional clause: present simple Main clause: present simple If it rains hard, you get wet without an umbrella. Conditional clause: present simple Main clause: modal verb If you really want to go on the world trip, you must try to save some money. G 8 178 Grammar for reference (2) Nur zu Prüfzwecken – Eigentum des Verlags öbv
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