Direct speech (Excerpt from Joe Grimsby’s speech) Indirect speech (What The Gazette reported two days later) present perfect progressive past perfect progressive “Everybody in the party has been doing their very best over the past few weeks.” He added that everybody in the party had been doing their very best over the past few weeks. past simple past perfect simple “It was only six months ago that I was chosen to represent the party.” He explained that it had only been six months before that he had been chosen to represent the party. present perfect simple past perfect simple “It’s amazing what the party has achieved in such a short time!” He exclaimed that it was amazing what the party had achieved in such a short time. will would “And I’m absolutely certain that we will win the election next week.” He finished by saying that he was absolutely certain that they would win the election the following week. b) Questions Direct speech Indirect speech question word question word “When did you decide to become the party’s candidate, Mr Grimsby?” The reporter wanted to know when Joe Grimsby had decided to become the party’s candidate. no question word whether or if “Will the financial situation allow you to keep all your promises?” She asked Mr Grimsby if/whether the financial situation would allow him to keep all his promises. c) Commands Direct speech Indirect speech command infinitive with (not) to “So, my friends, elect the right person for the job.” “And don’t believe any of the rumours spread by my political opponents.” He told everyone to elect the right person for the job. And he warned them not to believe any of the rumours spread by his political opponents. Relative clauses Relative clauses are used to give definitions or to add extra information. There are two types of relative clauses: defining relative clauses and non-defining relative clauses. Defining relative clauses How to use them George Orwell was the English author who criticised political injustice most strongly. In his novel Animal Farm the pigs are the animals that rule over all the others. • Defining relative clauses give necessary information. Without them the meaning of the main clause would be unclear. • There is no comma between main clause and defining relative clause. • Who and that are the relative pronouns used for people. • Which and that are the relative pronouns used for things. G 7 177 Nur zu Prüfzwecken – Eigentum des Verlags öbv
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