G Defining and non-defining relative clauses Page 126 a) Characteristics of defining and non-defining relative clauses Defining relative clause Non-defining relative clause James Cook was the British explorer who discovered the east coast of Australia. Captain Cook, who sailed from England in 1768, reached Australia in April 1770. Marsupials are the only animals which/that carry their young around in pouches. The kangaroo, which can only be found in Australia and Tasmania, is a marsupial. Australia, whose animal world is unique, is visited by millions of tourists every year. • A defining relative clause gives you important information about a noun or a pronoun. • Without the relative clause it is impossible to understand who or what is meant. • There is no comma between the main clause and a defining relative clause. • In defining relative clauses you can use who or that for people and which and that for things. • A non-defining relative clause gives extra information. It can make the sentence more meaningful. • The main clause, however, is complete without it. • There are commas between the main clause and a non-defining relative clause. • In non-defining relative clauses you use who for people and which for things. • Whose as a possessive determiner can be used for people and things. b) Characteristics of contact clauses Contact clauses How to use them The ranger who/that we met at the Marine Park took us out in a glass-bottom boat. The crocodiles which/that I saw in the river didn’t look very friendly. • When the relative pronoun is the object of the defining relative clause, you can leave it out. These relative clauses are called contact clauses. Conditional clauses Page 138 a) Characteristics of conditional clauses Conditional clauses express conditions. They have an if-clause – the condition – and a main clause – the consequence. The if-clause can come either before or after the main clause. There are four basic types. Remember: • no will/would in the if-clause! • no comma before the if-clause! b) Type 0 conditional clauses: General truths Type 0 conditional clauses express general truths. The consequence is a logical conclusion from the condition. Conditional clause Main clause If the temperature is below zero, water freezes. • Form: If + present tense, present tense G 10 G 11 164 Grammar Nur zu Prüfzwecken – Eigentum des Verlags öbv
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