169 Adverbs (of manner) Obligation/Giving advice Strong obligation: You must arrive on time./A good teacher must help her students./You have to wear your school uniform to school./You mustn’t eat during lessons. (= du darfst nicht) You can only use had to if you are talking about the past: I had to get a new backpack before school started. Weak obligation: You ought to/should be quiet in class./Shouldn’t you wait for an hour after eating before swimming? Ought to have/Should have + past participle can be used to talk about something that you didn’t do, but it would have been the right thing to do. I ought to have/should have studied more for the test, then I would have got a better grade. No obligation: You needn’t pay for your school books. (= du musst nicht) You don’t have to wear your school uniform during your free time. (don’t/doesn’t have to it is not necessary) You use adverbs to add more information about a verb, an adjective, another adverb, a clause or a whole sentence and, less commonly, about a noun phrase. (Adjectives, however, add information to a noun to describe what something/someone is like). You can form most adverbs by adding -ly to the adjective form. Adverbs of manner Adverbs of manner describe how something is done. Lena is a wonderful dancer. Lena dances wonderfully. Basketball is easy to learn. You can learn basketball easily. Some adverbs are irregular. Geoff’s a good swimmer. Geoff swims well. Porsches are very fast cars. Some young people drive too fast. Sally’s a hard worker. Sally works hard. There were several late arrivals. Several people arrived late. hardly (= kaum), lately (= kürzlich) and nearly (= fast) don’t mean the same as hard, late and near. Taste, look, feel, sound, smell, seem are usually only used with adjectives. This meat tastes good. Adverbs and word order Adverbs of manner (how), place (where) and time (when) usually follow the object at the end of the sentence in the order MANNER – PLACE – TIME. Marc performed brilliantly at the competition last night. You can place some adverbs at the beginning of a sentence for special emphasis. Tomorrow I’m going to football practice. In Norway there are many cross-country athletes. Nur zu Prüfzwecken – Eigentum des Verlags öbv
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