166 GRAMMAR REVISITED Connecting the past and the present Past perfect simple Past perfect continuous You can use it … when you are already talking about the past and want to talk about events which happened even earlier. It started to rain, but luckily I had packed my raincoat./Adam had never been in a punt before he came to England./Before he visited Cambridge, Adam hadn’t known how to punt. to show that something was already going on when another thing happened in the past. Adam had been taking rowing lessons before he came to England./Adam hadn’t been sleeping well in the days before he travelled to England. Form I, you, he/she/it, we, they + had + past participle Irregular verbs different past participles I, you, he/she/it, we, they + had been + verb + -ing Questions and negation – see past continuous Present perfect simple Present perfect continuous You can use it to … describe how things have (not) changed. Fashion trends have changed again and again over time. say how long something has existed. Since 1873, jeans have been popular. describe experiences. Marc can’t train this week, he’s hurt his leg. talk about events that are recent. I’ve just bought new shoes and a new dress./ Hi, Emily, I haven’t seen you in a while. What have you been up to? – Hi, Lizzie, guess what – I’ve started a cheerleading club at my school, so I’ve been really busy. say how long something has been going on that is still continuing now. Thomas has been learning English for seven years (and he’s still learning). Marc has been training seriously for three years now. Form I, you, we, they + have he/she/it + has Irregular verbs different past participles I, you, we, they + have been he/she/it + has been Questions and negation Questions: swap subject and auxiliary. Have you ever been to England? Negative sentences: insert not. I haven’t seen Emily for some time. Questions: swap subject and auxiliary. Has Hannah been living in Cambridge all her life? Negative sentences: insert not. Hannah hasn’t been living there for long. Signal words ever, never, just, already, hardly, yet, for, since, lately, recently for, since + past participle + verb + -ing Nur zu Prüfzwecken – Eigentum des Verlags öbv
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