Unit 3, exercise 3 The world’s wealth in the year 1500 “Slaves captured in raids and war grew in importance as a commodity. Kola nuts were also important, as were the dyestuffs of northern Nigeria. All these goods were highly prized in and around the Mediterranean basin.” (Richard Effland, 2003) In the year 1500, European territories were some of the wealthiest on earth, when measured by GDP per person. The regions with the largest total GDPs were Eastern Asia and Southern Asia. These were also the most populous regions at that time. The regions with the lowest GDP in 1500 were central and south-east Africa. These regions also had the lowest GDP per person. Student B Unit 4, exercise 10 Student B Gender pay gap in U.S. held steady in 2020 The gender gap in pay has remained relatively stable in the United States over the past 15 years or so. In 2020, women earned 84% of what men earned, according to a Pew Research Center analysis of median hourly earnings of both full- and part-time workers. Based on this estimate, it would take an extra 42 days of work for women to earn what men did in 2020. As has been the case in recent decades, the 2020 wage gap was smaller for workers ages 25 to 34 than for all workers 16 and older. Women ages 25 to 34 earned 93 cents for every dollar a man in the same age group earned on average. In 1980, women ages 25 to 34 earned 33 cents less than their male counterparts, compared with 7 cents in 2020. The estimated 16-cent gender pay gap among all workers in 2020 was down from 36 cents in 1980. The U.S. Census Bureau has also analyzed the gender pay gap, though its analysis looks only at full-time workers (as opposed to full- and part-time workers). In 2019, full-time, year-round working women earned 82% of what their male counterparts earned, according to the Census Bureau’s most recent analysis. Why does a gender pay gap still persist? Much of this gap has been explained by measurable factors such as educational level, job segregation and work experience. The narrowing of the gap is in large part due to gains women have made in each of these areas. Even though women have increased their presence in higher-paying jobs traditionally dominated by men, such as professional and managerial positions, women as a whole continue to be overrepresented in lower- paying occupations relative to their share of the workforce. This may contribute to gender differences in pay. Other factors that are difficult to measure, including gender discrimination, may also contribute to the ongoing wage discrepancy. In a 2017 Pew Research Center survey, about four-in-ten working women (42%) said they had experienced gender discrimination at work, compared with about two-in-ten men (22%). One of the most commonly reported forms of discrimination focused on earnings inequality. Onein-four employed women said they had earned less than a man who was doing the same job; just 5% of men said they had earned less than a woman doing the same job. Motherhood can also lead to interruptions in women’s career paths and have an impact on long-term earnings. Our 2016 survey of workers who had taken parental, family or medical leave in the two years 204 A Activities Nur zu Prüfzwecken – Eigentum des Verlags öbv
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