In indirect questions: ■■ we use the same word order as affirmative sentences (e.g. subject + verb). ■■ we don’t include do, does or did. But we do include other auxiliary verbs (e.g. be, have) and modals (e.g. could, should). ■■ we use if or whether in yes / no questions. We usually use whether … or to emphasise a choice of two. Practice 1a Make these questions into indirect questions. 1 Do you always eat breakfast? Which meal of the day is the most important? 2 How do you get to school? How long does it take? 3 What political party do you support? Do you think it’s OK not to vote in an election? 4 How many languages do you speak? Should all children learn a foreign language? 5 Are you a member of a gym or leisure centre? How much exercise do you do every week? 1b Choose one of the questions 1–5 to ask different people about. Then walk around and ask your questions. Ask more questions to find out more information. should have, could have Meaning Use should / shouldn’t have to evaluate or criticise past actions. You should have turned left at the roundabout. We shouldn’t have left so late. Use could have to talk about something that was possible but didn’t happen. You can use couldn’t have to talk about something that wasn’t possible. I could have done better in the exam. They couldn’t have done anything more. Form modal + have + past participle I could have done better. I should have worked harder. Practice 1a Write the verbs in the correct form in the sentences and questions. 1 I should (not do) this summer course. It was a waste of time. 2 I could (try) harder to keep in contact with my old friends. 3 I should (not stay up) so late last night. I’m really tired. 4 I could (not work) any harder. I’ve always done my best. 5 Is there anything you should (do) before you left home this morning? 6 Do you think you could (do) better at school? 1b Are sentences 1–4 true for you? Talk to a partner and ask questions 5 and 6. Unreal conditionals: past Meaning You can use unreal past conditionals to talk about past situations that are imaginary and didn’t happen. Real past situation He didn’t go to university. He didn’t get a degree. Imaginary past situation If he’d gone to university, … (condition) he’d have got a degree. (result) Real past situation My grandparents didn’t learn languages at school. They didn’t travel much. Imaginary past situation If they’d learned languages at school, … (condition) they would have travelled more. (result) Form If + had + past participle, would + have + past participle If I’d worked harder, I’d have achieved more. If I’d known sooner, this wouldn’t have happened. You can change the order of the two clauses. When the if clause comes second, you don’t need a comma. would + have + past participle if + had + past participle We wouldn’t have had a problem if you’d remembered to check in online. Practice Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets to make unreal past conditional sentences. 1 I that if I it would make you cry. (not say, know) 2 If you me you wanted the job, I you an interview. (tell, give) 3 If he that mistake, he his driving test. (not make, pass) 4 You it easily if you my instructions. (find, follow) 5 I what to do if you me. (not know, not tell) 6 If you two more questions correctly, you a distinction. (answer, get) 7 If my parents our flat five years ago, they a lot of money. (buy, save) 162 G Grammar reference and practice Nur zu Prüfzwecken – Eigentum des Verlags öbv
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