2 Sentences with relative clauses can sometimes be made shorter with the help of participles. Can I speak to the person who is running the event? Defining and non-defining relative clauses You distinguish between two types of relative clauses. ■■ Defining relative clauses They contain necessary information about a person or thing and cannot be left out. You never use commas to separate them from the rest of the sentence. You can use that instead of who or which. I don’t eat meat which/that isn’t cooked. Are these the people who/that have the real power in the music industry? ■■ Non-defining relative clauses They give extra information about a person or thing which could be left out. You have to use commas to separate them from the rest of the sentence. You cannot use that instead of who or which. Valetta, which is the capital of Malta, is a lovely little town. Beyoncé, who once sang with Destiny’s Child, is now one of America’s superstars. Practice Complete the sentences with who or which. Add a comma where necessary. 1 I know a lot of people don’t like Techno. 2 I’ve spent most of the money I earned in the summer on clothes. 3 C harlie Chaplin was a worldwide silent film star died in 1977. 4 The book I’m looking for isn’t available in the library. 5 The Grand Hotel is located on a hill has spectacular views. 6 They were four friends often talked about starting a business. 7 The castle’s owner we’ve just met enjoys having visitors. 8 Travel agencies have no websites can’t survive in today’s world. 9 The euro replaced a number of national currencies was introduced in 2002. 10 An accountant is a person must have a head for numbers. Infinitives and gerunds Meaning and Form You can use infinitives with to (to go, to have, etc.): 1 after adjectives I’m happy to say you’ve passed the test. Are you ready to go? Common adjectives with the infinitive are: difficult, easy, free, hard, ready, (un)able, sorry. 2 after some verbs I want to go home now. We’ve decided to move house. Some common verbs with the infinitive are: agree, decide, hope, learn, need, offer, plan, promise, want, would like. You can use gerunds (going, having, etc.): 1 after prepositions You can start by doing some light exercises. You can learn a lot from watching television. 2 after some verbs I practised playing the piano every day when I was a kid. Have you finished painting the wall yet? Some common verbs with the gerund are: can’t stand, dislike, don’t mind, enjoy, finish, miss, practise, suggest. You can use a dictionary to check whether verbs are followed by an infinitive with to or a gerund. PRACTICE 1 Circle the correct form, the gerund or infinitive with to. 1 I promise being / to be on time tomorrow. 2 You can memorise the words by repeating / to repeat them. 3 The police asked seeing / to see my passport. 4 I have to go to the dentist’s getting / to get my teeth checked. 5 I really want passing / to pass my driving test. 6 You should always get insurance before going / to go on holiday. 7 I can’t stand driving / to drive to work when there’s a lot of traffic. 8 Are you ready going / to go ? 157 G Grammar reference and practice Nur zu Prüfzwecken – Eigentum des Verlags öbv
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