4 The family had / were having lunch when the police arrived / were arriving . 5 The last time I saw / was seeing Joanna, she lived / was living in Paris. 6 I first met / was meeting my girlfriend when I stood / was standing at a bus stop. 7 My aunt and uncle worked / were working abroad when they had / were having their first child. Adverbs Meaning Adverbs can modify verbs, adjectives, other adverbs, and sentences. They tell us how, where, when, how often or to what extent something happens, or about the speaker’s attitude (= the way the speaker views what happens). Carefully, outside, soon, frequently, extremely and fortunately are examples of adverbs. He drove the car carefully through the heavy rain. (how) Her car was parked outside. (where) Manuel soon got better. (when) They frequently update their website. (how often) The questions were extremely difficult. (to what extent) Fortunately, there was nothing wrong with her neck. (how the speaker feels about the situation) Form English has a certain number of basic adverbs such as always, fast, often, outside, soon, well, etc. But most adverbs are formed by adding -ly to an adjective: sadly, slowly, frequently. Adjective Spelling rule Examples ending in a vowel and -l + -ly beautifully, thankfully ending in -y -y 1 + -ily happily, luckily ending in -ic + -ally dramatically, fantastically ending in -le -e 1 + -y incredibly, gently ending in -e + -ly extremely, sincerely Note: ■■ If an adjective ends in -ly (e. g. friendly, lovely, ugly), use a paraphrase instead. in a friendly way ■■ Some adjectives and adverbs have the same form (e.g. early, likely, fast, hard). We had an early lunch. (adjective) We got up early. (adverb) Practice Complete the sentences using adverbs formed from the adjectives below. 1 Ian didn’t go out because it was raining … . 2 Joanne fell during practice and hurt herself quite … . 3 Everyone at the party was … dressed. 4 The final exams were … easy. 5 Suzy loved her red top; it fitted her … . 6 Tottenham’s centre forward managed to … head the ball into the back of the net. 7 Rick’s flight to London leaves very … tomorrow. 8 Are you sitting … ? Then we’ll begin. 9 Please, send the invoice … . 10 I thought the food would be expensive, but it was … cheap. Unit 8 Future plans and arrangements Meaning be going to and the present progressive You can use be going to to talk about people’s personal ideas and plans for the future. I’m going to have a day off training tomorrow. He’s going to tour with his own band next year. You can use the present progressive to talk about future arrangements that have been made with other people or with organisations (companies, schools, airlines, clubs, … ). I’m meeting Leonardo Barreiros at 2 p.m. tomorrow. We’re going to Greece in May. Sometimes the difference between be going to and the present progressive is important. I’m going to get married next week. (it’s not just my idea) I’m getting married next week. (it’s an arrangement with someone else) But often the difference is very small. I’m going to visit my sister next month. (it’s my plan … ) I’m visiting my sister next month. (… and I’ve arranged it with my sister) immediate surprising perfect colourful bad heavy relative comfortable acrobatic early 155 G Grammar reference and practice Nur zu Prüfzwecken – Eigentum des Verlags öbv
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