have to, can Meaning Use have to to say that something is necessary (now, in the future or in general). Sorry, but I have to go now. My taxi’s waiting for me. (now) I have to get up at five o’clock tomorrow morning. My train leaves at ten past six. (in the future) On a normal day, I have to be at school before eight. (in general) Use don’t/doesn’t have to to say something isn’t necessary. Please start eating. You don’t have to wait for me. Use can to say that something is possible (now, in the future or in general). You can use my phone if you want. (now) We can meet again next weekend if you have time. (in the future) You can pay your phone bill at the post office or on the internet. (in general) Use can’t to say something is not possible. I can’t come to the party on Saturday. Form I, you, we, they he, she, it I have to go now. I don’t have to go until ten. Do you have to go so soon? Yes, I do. No, I don’t. Adrian has to get up early tomorrow. Rebecca doesn’t have to get up until nine. Does Rebecca have to work tomorrow? Yes, she does. No, she doesn’t. Practice 1 Complete the sentences with the correct form of can or have to, positive or negative. 1 Is there a cash machine near here? I get some money. 2 “Can I make myself a cup of coffee?” “Of course you can. You ask.” 3 Where I live, you buy anything after five p.m. All the shops are closed. 4 Carlo’s not coming to work this morning. He go to the doctor’s. 5 OK, I can hear you! You shout! 6 People think Poland’s a cold country, but summers in Poland be really hot. 7 Our company likes its employees to dress smartly. You wear jeans, and men wear a tie. 8 Sorry, I meet you for lunch tomorrow. I go to work. 2a Order the words to make questions. 1 do / get up / have / to / on a typical day /What / time / you / ? 2 Can /manage / online / you / your bank account / ? 3 at weekends / do / have to /How often / work or study / you / ? 4 children / in Austria / do / go / have to /How/ many years / to school / ? 5 join / people / in Austria / Can / the army /when / they’re 16 / ? 6 do / do / have to / tomorrow/What / things / you / ? 7 go / students / in Austria / to university / without paying / Can / ? 2b Discuss the questions. Unit 3 Reported speech Meaning When you report what you or someone else said, you can do it in two ways. You can use the same words as the original speaker (direct speech) or you can reword it using verbs like say, tell, ask, advise, etc. (reported speech). Mary: “I’m feeling ill.” 1 Mary said (that) she was feeling ill. Form In general, the present form in direct speech changes to the past form in reported speech. am/ is 1 was have / has 1 had must 1 had to are 1 were know 1 knew can 1 could want 1 wanted go 1 went will 1 would do / does 1 did may 1 might etc. Note: ■■ When you use reported speech, the reporting verb is usually past. Mary said / told me / asked … The rest of the sentence is usually past too. Mary said that she was feeling ill. Peter said it wasn’t his fault. John asked (me) if I felt OK. ■■ However, if you want to underline that the situation you’re talking about is still valid, do not change the verb in the reported statement to the past. John said that his new job is very interesting. (His job was – and still is – interesting.) She told me that English pounds are OK in Scotland. (They have been, are and will presumably be OK.) 149 G Grammar reference and practice Nur zu Prüfzwecken – Eigentum des Verlags öbv
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