Prime Time 6, Coursebook mit Audio-CD und DVD

Gerunds after certain phrases Some of the newcomers hoped to get rich by finding gold. Others thought it was no use digging for gold where there was none. • You can also use a gerund aer instead of , by , without , apart from , as well as , what about? , it’s worth and it’s no use . -ing form with a subject of its own The white settler didn’t like his little son playing with Native American children. He objected to them coming to their house. • It is possible to put a noun (his little son) or a pronoun (them) between the verb and the -ing form. is gives the -ing form a subject of its own. Participle constructions Participle constructions instead of adverbial clauses Hoping to find a piece of land of their own, lots of late arrivals had to move further and further west. ( As/Since they hoped … .) Warned about hostile Native Americans, the settlers tried to reach the nearest fort. ( After/As/Because they had been warned … .) • ese participle constructions can be used instead of adverbial clauses. The settlers were able to find some rest and repair their wagons while staying at those forts. • ey can be introduced by a conjunction ( a†er , as , since , while , when , though , etc.) Having lost some of their horses in the desert, the settlers were in a terrible situation. • You can also use the perfect form of the participle: Having lost … . Participle constructions instead of relative clauses Among the people moving west were adventurers looking for gold, ranchers and railroad workers. The circle formed of twenty or more wagons offered the settlers some protection at night. • Participle constructions can be used to shorten relative clauses: moving = who were moving formed = which was/had been formed Participle constructions for events happening at the same time Sometimes the Native Americans attacked and rode round the circle of wagons, waving their tomahawks and uttering shrill cries. • You can also use participle constructions to describe events happening at the same time as the events described in the main clause. Participle constructions with a subject of their own The towns on the East Coast becoming more and more crowded, people began to look for land further west. • ese participle constructions have their own subject (The towns on the East Coast) , which is di‡erent from the subject of the main clause (people) . ey sound very formal. With so many people moving into Native American territory, life for the Native Peoples changed dramatically. • When these participle constructions are introduced by with , they sound less formal and can also be used in colloquial English. 181 Nur zu Prüfzwecken – Eigentum des Verlags öbv