Maturatraining Lucy Bauer | Eva Holleis | Sue Ireland | Waltraud Wanke AUDIOS www.oebv.at QuickMedia App für Audios und Videos
way2go! Maturatraining Schulbuchnummer: 200200 Mit Bescheid des Bundesministeriums für Bildung, Wissenschaft und Forschung vom 10. August 2020, GZ BMBWF5.018/0021-Präs/14/2019, gemäß § 14 Absatz 2 und 5 des Schulunterrichtsgesetzes, BGBl. Nr. 472/86, und gemäß den derzeit geltenden Lehrplänen als für den Unterrichtsgebrauch für die 8. Klasse an allgemein bildenden höheren Schulen – Oberstufe im Unterrichtsgegenstand Englisch (erste lebende Fremdsprache) (Lehrplan 2018) geeignet erklärt. Dieses Werk wurde auf der Grundlage eines zielorientierten Lehrplans verfasst. Konkretisierung, Gewichtung und Umsetzung der Inhalte erfolgen durch die Lehrerinnen und Lehrer. Liebe Schülerin, lieber Schüler, Sie bekommen dieses Schulbuch von der Republik Österreich für Ihre Ausbildung. Bücher helfen nicht nur beim Lernen, sondern sind auch Freunde fürs Leben. Kopierverbot Wir weisen darauf hin, dass das Kopieren zum Schulgebrauch aus diesem Buch verboten ist – § 42 Abs. 6 Urheberrechtsgesetz: „Die Befugnis zur Vervielfältigung zum eigenen Schulgebrauch gilt nicht für Werke, die ihrer Beschaffenheit und Bezeichnung nach zum Schul- oder Unterrichtsgebrauch bestimmt sind.“ Umschlagbild: © mauritius images/Travelscape Images/Alamy Illustrationen: Mag. Adam Silye 1. Auflage (Druck 0003) © Österreichischer Bundesverlag Schulbuch GmbH & Co. KG, Wien 2021 www.oebv.at Alle Rechte vorbehalten. Jede Art der Vervielfältigung, auch auszugsweise, gesetzlich verboten. Schulbuchvergütung/Bildrechte: © Bildrecht GmbH/Wien Redaktion: Mag. Heike Böhringer, Wien Herstellung: Raphael Hamann, MSc, Wien Umschlaggestaltung: Mag. Adam Silye, Wien Layout: Mag. Adam Silye, Wien Satz: Mag. Adam Silye, Wien Druck: Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H, Horn ISBN 978-3-209-09211-3 (way2go! MT) 1. Den QR-Code scannen und die App aufs Smartphone oder Tablet laden 2. Buchumschlag scannen oder das Schulbuch in der App-Medienliste auswählen 3. Eine mit gekennzeichnete Buchseite scannen oder ein Audio/Video aus der Medienliste wählen und abspielen QuickMedia App Android iOS Nur zu Prüfzwecken – Eigentum des Verlags öbv
www.oebv.at Lucy Bauer | Eva Holleis | Sue Ireland | Waltraud Wanke Maturatraining Nur zu Prüfzwecken – Eigentum des Verlags öbv
2 Reading 3 Tips and tricks ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 3 Multiple matching (sentence parts): When does tourism become unethical? .......................................................................................... 4 Multiple matching (texts): Great sci-fi stories ......................................................................................................................................................................... 6 Four-word answers: How the plane got off the ground .................................................................................................................................................. 8 Four-word sentence completion: What to wear to work .............................................................................................................................................. 10 True/False/Justification: The origins of the gym . ................................................................................................................................................................ 12 Multiple choice: In other words ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 14 Listening 16 Tips and tricks ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 16 Multiple matching (sentence halves): Taskers . ..................................................................................................................................................................... 17 Multiple choice: A former footballer ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 18 Multiple matching (speakers): Saving the planet.............................................................................................................................................................. 20 Four-word answers: Rewilding ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 21 Four-word sentence completion: The drinkable book .................................................................................................................................................... 22 Language in use 23 Tips and tricks ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 23 Multiple choice: Easy targets ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 24 Banked gap-fill: Jumbo ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 26 Open gap-fill: Biscuits .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 27 Word formation: Put to the test ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 28 Editing: Robinson Crusoe . ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 29 Writing 30 Improving lexical and structural range ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 30 Improving accuracy ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 34 Working on text-type-specific challenges ................................................................................................................................................................................. 36 Working on articles ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 39 Working on essays .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 42 Working on blogs ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 45 Working on emails .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 47 Working on reports ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 49 Speaking 51 Working on individual long turns ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 51 Practising individual long turns ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 58 Working on and practising paired activities . ......................................................................................................................................................................... 61 Contents Nur zu Prüfzwecken – Eigentum des Verlags öbv
3 Reading D General tips Before reading the text, it’s important to study the questions thoroughly. As you read them, highlight important information, such as dates, places or names. Consider the title of the text and the picture accompanying it. They help you to quickly get an idea of what the text will be about. Highlight the sentences in the text where you’ve found information on a question so you can check your answers quickly when you’re done. The questions are always in the order the information occurs in the text. If you have found the answers to questions 1 and 3, for example, the answer to question 2 must be somewhere in between. Never leave a question unanswered. Answer every question, even if that means guessing. Multiple matching (with sentence parts or paragraphs/texts) (MM) Cross out the options you’ve used. The task gets easier the more parts you’ve matched correctly. If you’re asked to match parts of sentences, pay attention to their grammatical structure as well as the content. Not all beginnings will be possible matches for all endings. Only fill in answers you’re sure of. Picking a wrong option could lead to another mistake elsewhere. If you’re unsure, write down all the possible options and decide at the end. Multiple choice (MC) There is always only one correct answer to each question. If you aren’t sure about the answer to a question, eliminate the options you know are wrong and then take a guess. True/False/Justification (T/F/J) The text will always give you information on each statement. A statement is considered ‘false’ if the text gives you different information on it. You must use the first four words of the sentence that gives you the information. This one sentence should include all the information necessary to answer the question. A new sentence starts after a full stop. A word is everything between two spaces. Justify your answer for both true and false statements. Four-word sentence completion/Four-word answers (4W) If the text gives you more than one possible answer, write down only one of them. Never write answers like “he likes food/cars”. Words or phrases as you find them in the text will not always function properly as answers or sentence completions, you might have to rephrase them. Never write more than four words. No matter how good your answer is, it will still be wrong. Don’t worry too much about spelling or grammar, your answer only has to be clear. Tips and tricks You can find the answer key to all tasks online. Go to www.oebv.at and type in this code: g55m3g. Nur zu Prüfzwecken – Eigentu des Verlags öbv
4 Reading Read the text about one aspect of tourism today. Some parts are missing. Choose the correct part (A–M) for each gap (1–10). There are two extra parts that you should not use. Write your answers in the boxes provided. The first one (0) has been done for you. 1 Multiple matching (sentence parts) When does tourism become unethical? As humans, we move. We travel; we always have. (0) ; we migrated from Africa thousands of years ago, walking out of the savannah to the rest of the world. (1) of the Western world’s fastest-growing industries. We leave home to climb mountains and trek through rainforests, to dance in Cuba, swim the Hellespont, barter in a souk or lie on a beach. In his book The Art of Travel, the philosopher Alain de Botton contemplates the underlying reasons for travel. (2) , he says, for he believes that “there are inner transitions we can’t properly cement without a change of locations.” Change is also a key motivator in the mind of the late travel writer Bruce Chatwin. “Change of fashion, food, love and landscape,” he wrote. “We need them as the air we breathe.” (3) , for pleasure, for enlightenment; to ease the tedium of daily routine and satisfy the imaginings of curious minds. We travel to shake up our souls and to placate an atavistic restlessness within us. Ernesto Che Guevara thought that we simply “travel just to travel.” (4) ; travellers now have the opportunity to roam further, higher and wilder than before. This means that they risk coming into contact with remote indigenous communities, for the world’s remote corners – the green depths of the Amazon basin or the highlands of West Papua – are often the lands and homes of tribal peoples. Their homelands sustain them physically and spiritually, and they understand them intimately. The Yanomami people who live deep in the Brazilian Amazon know the streams and rapids of the rainforest in the same way the Inuit understand the sea-ice of the Canadian Arctic. And this is where the problems with this kind of travel start because it can simply be dangerous for both tourists and little-contacted tribal peoples to meet. (5) and tourists can transmit infectious diseases to which little-contacted peoples have no immunity. Curiosity in other cultures is natural. (6) by travelling with ethically-run eco-tourism companies. But the line between ethical and non-ethical is extremely fine. So where does it lie? Nur zu Prüfzwecken – Eigentum des Verlags öbv
5 (7) visiting tribal peoples who have been in routine contact with outsiders for some time. But as natural social sensitivity and respect would dictate, this only applies to tribal peoples who are happy to receive visitors, have proper control over where the tourists go and what they do in their communities, and receive a fair share of the profits. More often than not, however, only the tiniest proportion of tourism’s profits – if any – go to recompensing the tribe; there are very few enterprises that genuinely bring benefits. (8) and involve small, well-managed and lowimpact tours. (9) very carefully about the long-term effects on tribal peoples, not the fleeting thrill of the experience or the glory of the story once back home. (10) in international law, and should be respected regardless of whether the national government applies the law or not. So when in tribal lands, tourists should behave as they would on any other private property. It goes – or should go – without saying that tribal peoples have the same basic human rights as everyone else, which must be upheld. A Adventure travel is tourism’s recent offspring B These are not very environmentally friendly C To gain perspective is one D Journeying is hard-wired in the human psyche E These are often run by tribal peoples themselves F Tribes are likely to react with hostility towards outsiders G For example, tribal peoples’ ownership of the lands they use and occupy is recognised H In principle, there is little harm in tourists I In fact, ethical tourist companies operating in remote regions have rights and even J So we travel for knowledge K Tourists can, at times, even help L Travellers thinking of visiting tribal areas need to think M Today, tourism is still one 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 D Nur zu Prüfzwecken – Eigentum des Verlags öbv
6 Reading Read the extracts from Chris’s list of favourite classic science fiction stories. Choose the correct texts (A–F) for each statement (1–11). You can use a text more than once. Write your answers in the boxes provided. The first one (0) has been done for you. 2 Multiple matching (texts) Great sci-fi stories A I like character-driven stories, light-hearted humor and a twist that sneaks up on you, and science fiction author William Tenn delivered truly wicked humor and characterization in Time in Advance. It is the story of a man who’s about to commit a lethal crime. Far from being a dark story of a vicious criminal secretly planning a covert murder, Tenn’s tale takes a light approach. In this world, society views the crime as perfectly legal, if something of a novelty. The hero is aiming to commit a vile crime, and not only is nobody about to stop him, his criminal intentions make him a celebrity. B Nightfall, published first in Astounding Science Fiction in 1941, is a classic science fiction short story, no doubt about it. Asimov made it into a novel, too. I haven’t read the novel. But this story really is mind-blowing. Devastating. But in a good way. It’s not the writing. Nightfall is easy and enjoyable to read. But typical of Isaac Asimov, the writing is not as tight as it could be, and the dialogue wanders a bit. It’s a tad long for what it is. The characters, though well-defined, lack that spark that would make them truly likable. But all that doesn’t matter. Because the ending is really unexpected – or it was, for me – and has a mind-blowing effect. C Me – I’m a sucker for time travel. The kind of time travel many critics scoff at as clichéd. Time travel in which the attempt to break the second law of thermodynamics and betray nature’s linear preference causes a shocking paradox. Time travel used as a vehicle to teach bad people the good lesson that enterprise driven by self-serving greed has a price. It’s trite. It’s old-fashioned. But gee. That’s a good story. And that’s what’s missing from today’s fiction. The 1943 piece The Time Locker is creative, and funny, and it’s one of the very best. Nur zu Prüfzwecken – Eigentum des Verlags öbv
7 D Though the story’s disturbing premise – that a servile android-robot could turn on its human superiors and commit murder – was probably radical at the time, without Bester’s way with words, Fondly Fahrenheit wouldn’t have become the classic science fiction short story that it is today, still cited as one of the best sci-fi stories ever. E By His Bootstraps is another time travel story. I didn’t like the main character. Heinlein’s characters just don’t do it for me. But at least this story is about a character, and not a society that doesn’t seem real (which is one of my complaints about Heinlein’s stories). Reading the story is pure fun. The paradoxical logic was terribly clever. And as the story unfolded, it became obvious that it was perhaps the best time travel story I’d ever read. As a bonus, it’s re-readable, despite the fact that the ending is not exactly forgettable. It’s like re-reading an Agatha Christie novel. You remember whodunnit, but you want to see how you were tricked. F Pipeline to Pluto is a highly detailed and convincing tale of space travel. The story describes a prosaic world of blue-collar transportation – freight, in fact. Like much Golden Age science fiction, the story, told through fast-paced narrative and dialogue, isn’t concerned with conveying a political viewpoint or defending a special interest group. It’s concerned with ideas: the concepts, possibilities, and ironies of a newly technological world unfolding for human beings possessed of universal flaws and compromised value systems. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 B According to Chris, this story/these stories … later appeared in a different form. 0 has something in common with another author’s work. 1 shows wrongdoing being regarded as acceptable behaviour. 2 became famous mainly due to the author’s good use of language. 3 has a quality rarely to be found in contemporary works of this kind. 4 is about advanced technology getting out of control. 5 is more enjoyable than others written by the same author. 6 develop in a way that is satisfyingly surprising. 7 8 deals with concepts that are often found in classic science fiction stories. 9 fail to satisfy him completely in some respects. 10 11 Nur zu Prüfzwecken – Eigentum des Verlags öbv
8 Reading Read the text about the early years of flight. Answer the questions (1–8) using a maximum of 4 words. Write your answers in the spaces provided. The first one (0) has been done for you. 3 Four-word answers How the plane got off the ground The honor is indisputably theirs: Wilbur and Orville Wright made the first powered, sustained, controlled, heavier-than-air flights at Kill Devil Hills, North Carolina on December 17, 1903. But even though they had succeeded, the Wrights recognized that they had a considerable distance to go before they could claim to have developed a practical flying machine. So they continued their work in a Dayton cow pasture in 1904 and 1905. By the fall of 1905, they had transformed the marginal success of 1903 into the reality of a practical airplane capable of traveling many miles through the air and remaining aloft for more than an hour at a time. The Wrights worried about being copied, though. Unwilling to unveil their creation without the protection of a patent and a signed sales contract, the brothers remained on the ground for the next two and a half years as they attempted to market their invention. So it was that as 1908 dawned, almost no one realized that the age of winged flight had been under way for more than four years. That was about to change. With contracts for the sale of airplanes to a French syndicate and the U.S. Army finally in hand, the Wrights were ready to take to the air once again that spring. They returned to the Kill Devil Hills with a rebuilt version of their 1905 airplane – now modified with upright seating and controls, and a second seat for a passenger. On May 14, 1908, Wilbur and Orville alternated taking Charles Furnas, one of their mechanics, up as the world’s first airplane passenger. The excitement peaked on August 8, 1908, when Wilbur Wright made his first flight in public at the Hunaudières race course, five miles south of Le Mans, France. Over the next several weeks he made headlines around the world with one stunning flight after another – demonstrating once and for all that the Wrights’ claim to priority in the invention of the airplane was true (there had been skeptics), and that their airplanes were capable of tight turns and a degree of control impossible with other machines. Orville Wright joined his brother in the limelight on September 3, 1908, when he made his first public flight at Fort Myer. Like Wilbur, he continued to fly over the next two weeks, carrying passengers and meeting criteria Nur zu Prüfzwecken – Eigentum des Verlags öbv
9 established by the Army for the purchase of an airplane. Tragedy struck on September 17, when Orville crashed at Fort Myer while flying with Selfridge, who became the first person to die in a powered airplane crash. Orville recovered, but lived with the pain resulting from the accident for the rest of his life. The momentous year was far from over. On October 16, the American Samuel Franklin Cowdery (aka S.F. Cody) made the first flight in Great Britain. Once Orville Wright was back on his feet, he and his sister Katharine joined their brother in Europe. The three Wrights were now the toast of the continent. Crowned heads, political leaders, captains of industry and ordinary folk traveled to witness the miracle of flight. Wilbur capped this extraordinary year with a flight of more than 76 miles in 2 hours 18 minutes 33 ths seconds on December 31, which earned him the Michelin Cup and a 20,000-franc cash prize for the best flight of 1908. By year’s end, no skeptic doubted that the age of flight had arrived, and that the Wrights were leading the way. 0 What did the Wrights manage to do between 1903 and 1905? develop a practical plane 1 Towards the end of 1905, what did the Wrights suspect might happen if they continued flying? 2 Why did the Wrights feel prepared to fly in 1908? 3 What made it possible for Furnas to fly with Wilbur in the 1908 plane? 4 Why was the event near Le Mans so special? 5 In what way were the Wrights’ planes superior to other planes? (Give one answer.) 6 What was the important thing about Orville’s flights as far as one particular institution was concerned? 7 Why did people of all kinds come together in the autumn of 1908? 8 What was the outcome of Wilbur’s achievement at the end of 1908? (Give one answer.) Nur zu Prüfzwecken – Eigentum des Verlags öbv
10 Reading Read the text about dressing for the office. Complete the sentences (1–9) using a maximum of four words. Write your answers in the spaces provided. The first one (0) has been done for you. 4 Four-word sentence completion What to wear to work Summer’s arrival in the northern hemisphere brings with it a dilemma that plagues every office worker. What does a casual dress code mean in practice? The happy medium between looking like Kim Kardashian or Hagrid the giant is hard to pin down. Goldman Sachs has just implemented a “flexible dress code”, although the executive memo noted that “casual dress is not appropriate every day.” Besuited corporate clients might not take kindly to investmentbanking advice offered by someone wearing a tank top and ripped jeans. For men, the move to casual dress seems entirely positive. Few people will mourn the demise of the tie, a functionally useless garment that constricted male necks for a century. The tie’s origins date back to the 17th century, when mercenaries hired by Louis XIII of France wore a form of cravat. The modern version of the tie emerged in the 1920s and was popularised by Britain’s Edward VIII. It became standard office wear for the next six decades. In the 1990s ties started to go out of fashion because technology titans and hedge-fund managers refused to wear them – and were rich enough to ignore social convention. Once, when Mark Zuckerberg, the founder of Facebook, was to meet a venture capitalist, he turned up wearing pyjamas. The jacket, by contrast, is a much more useful garment, replete with pockets to house wallets, spectacle cases and travel passes (or, these days, mobile phones). So the default work garb for men, when meeting clients, is jacket, open-necked shirt and dark trousers (denim excluded). On days without meetings, men can slob out in T-shirts (though not too garish) and jeans, and no one will think the worse of them. Arriving in shorts or without socks is another matter entirely. But dressing in the morning is quick and easy. Steve Jobs was famous for wearing the same outfit – black polo neck, jeans and trainers – every day. Women’s workwear seems to have become less formal over time. A survey by Euromonitor found that sales of women’s suits fell by 77% in America between 2007 and 2016. But many women worry that they will be judged as unprofessional (unlike their male colleagues) if their clothes are deemed to be too scruffy, or too revealing. It can also be hard choosing clothes that are suitable for both indoors and out. Nur zu Prüfzwecken – Eigentum des Verlags öbv
11 Air-conditioning systems in offices are often designed to suit the male metabolic rate, which can cope with colder temperatures than the female body. The result may be that women have to bring an extra layer to wear in the building. As for formal meetings, while men have abandoned the tie, many women feel obliged to wear high heels. These give some women a sense of empowerment and femininity (not to mention extra height). But in health terms, heels can seem like the Western equivalent of the ancient Chinese practice of foot-binding: bad for women’s feet, ankles and backs and designed to limit their mobility. Britain’s parliament held a debate after a woman was sent home from her job as a receptionist for refusing to wear high heels (it was inconclusive). Companies understandably want workers who deal with the public to look respectable. Workers shouldn’t wear clothes that wouldn’t be appropriate if visiting a prudish grandmother or a child’s teacher. And yet no one should be expected to turn up at the office as if dressed for a wedding. The most important item to bring to work is a dose of common sense. 0 It is difficult to know what kind of outfit is acceptable for work when there is . a casual dress code 1 Despite becoming more tolerant, one firm still believes that an informal outfit is . 2 Regarding clothes serving a practical purpose, the author believes that the tie is . 3 Something similar to a tie first appeared in . 4 Ties began losing popularity when influential businessmen stopped caring about . 5 Although sometimes permitted, when dealing with the public, one must avoid wearing . (Give one answer.) 6 Over a certain period, the U.S. saw a significant decrease in purchases of . 7 Female office workers find it difficult to judge how much they need to wear due to . 8 One particular fashion is similar to an old custom in that it restricts the wearer’s ability to . 9 In the author’s opinion, a suitable office outfit would also always be suitable for meeting . (Give one answer.) Nur zu Prüfzwecken – Eigentum des Verlags öbv
12 Reading Read the text about what gyms were like in the past. First decide whether the statements (1–10) are true (T) or false (F) and put a cross ( ) in the correct box. Then identify the sentence in the text which supports your decision. Write the first four words of this sentence in the space provided. There may be more than one correct answer; write down one only. The first one (0) has been done for you. 5 True/False/Justification The origins of the gym Today people nurture an obsession with a so-called wellness lifestyle that puts a young, toned body at the top of the priority list. Gluten-free diets, green smoothies, yoga, and SoulCycle – you name it! However, if we go back in time, we’ll see that even our ancestors liked to hit the gym, though sometimes for different reasons than obtaining the perfect beach body. According to Eric Chaline, the author of The Temple of Perfection: A History of the Gym, throughout history, the gym has been “a place that assembled the artistic and the political, the enlightened and the reactionary, touching on many areas of life, culture, and society.”As a tribute to the gods, the ancient Greeks used to go to the gym naked, a notion integrated into the semantics of the word “gymnasium”, which translates as “school for naked exercise” and, reportedly, resembled an outdoor athletic field. Narcissus and his fellow ancient Greeks admired the naked male body, which they perfected by practicing competitive sports or exercising in gyms. The Romans, on the other hand, were a bit skeptical of obsessing over the body and its physical pleasures. In the Middle Ages, the body was feared as a well-spring of immoral pleasures that had to be kept in the dark, and those who gloried in their physiques received a tongue lashing. When the Renaissance commenced, artists brought the nude back in the game, combining it with pagan elements and Christian motifs. The result? Botticelli’s Birth of Venus and Michelangelo’s David, masterpieces that praised physical beauty as a symbol of divinity. Nowadays, it can be said that people have returned to the classical Greek model of body observance, making gyms socially necessary venues where people go to meet with friends or even find someone to date. The concept of a place established exclusively for exercise was actually launched in the 16th century, when Renaissance artists and physicians recognized the benefits of exercise: it provided an attractive figure and promoted a balance in health. Despite this, the idea that body shape could be changed wasn’t present until humanity’s attitude toward embodiment was altered during the Enlightenment. This period underlined the importance of physical education and the enjoyment of one’s own body. Nur zu Prüfzwecken – Eigentum es Verlags öbv
13 The gym saga continues with Napoleon’s defeat of Prussia, which provoked Friedrich Jahn to create the turnplatz, the first institution of physical exercise that would train the united citizen army of Germany. The turnplatz was an open-air venue that set the foundations for artistic gymnastics, equipped with rings, high bars, ladders, climbing masts and other facilities for various field sports. The place was open to all the social classes, and its practitioners were called turner. Two of Jahn’s students who emigrated to America during the 1820s set up the first collegiate gymnasium, but it was soon closed. During the 19th century, and the period of rapid industrialization and urbanization of Western Europe, the affluent Victorians with time for leisure paid much attention to physical self-improvement as a sign of good life quality. The world’s first commercial gym was Hippolyte Triat’s Grand Gymnase, established in 1849 in France. The first chain of branded gyms, Shadow’s Institutes of Physical Culture, opened in the United Kingdom in 1897. As time went by, Europe’s middle class manifested a growing demand for physical fitness, which was once maintained primarily by the members of the upper social class. Both Shadow and Triat used this notion to popularize the “Grecian ideal” of a healthy, attractive body, promoting it with still photography as well as providing standardized equipment for their gyms. Shadow was quite influential in America, which he toured with his carefully selected representatives of health, fitness and weight training. By the end of the 19th century, there were elite collegiate gyms and even exclusive leisure centers for exercising. Statements T F First four words 0 The gym has always attracted a wide variety of people. According to Eric Chaline 1 In early times, men exercised without clothing in order to compare their bodies to others’. 2 The human body was considered to be a source of sin during one particular period. 3 Reasons for going to the gym are currently quite different from what they were at any other time in the past. 4 The idea that being physically active can prevent medical problems is a modern one. 5 With new perceptions of the human body, people began to realise that you had to accept your body the way it was. 6 One gym facility was created for a purpose beyond merely exercising. 7 People from different kinds of backgrounds went to the turnplatz. 8 People who could afford to take a break from work took an interest in their personal sense of well-being. 9 The first gym set up with the purpose of making money was one of a set. 10 Images of physical perfection were included in advertising for gyms. Nur zu Prüfzwecken – Eigentum des Verlags öbv
14 Reading Read the text about learning languages. Then choose the correct answer (A, B, C or D) for questions 1–6. Put a cross ( ) in the correct box. The first one (0) has been done for you. 6 Multiple choice In other words Scientists mostly agree that children are better language learners, but do not know why. Some posit biological factors. Is it because young brains have an extreme kind of plasticity? Or, as Steven Pinker, a Harvard psychologist, argues, an instinct for languagelearning specifically, which fades as the brain ages and (in evolutionary terms) is no longer needed? Others think children have special environments and incentives, not more conducive brains. They have a strong motivation to communicate with caregivers and intimate peers and are not afraid of making mistakes in the way adults are. Some believe any “critical period” may only apply to the sounds of a foreign tongue. Adults struggle with accents. But grammar is different, and some researchers have reckoned that adults, with their greater reasoning powers, are not really at a disadvantage relative to children. One study found that when adults and children are exposed to the same teaching materials for a new language for several months, the adults actually do better. Most such research has had to rely on small numbers of subjects, given the difficulty of recruiting them; it is hard to know how meaningful the results are. Now a large new study led by Joshua Hartshorne of Boston College has confirmed the critical period hypothesis. The study ingeniously recruited 670,000 online test-takers by framing the exercise as a quiz that would guess the participants’ native language or dialect. This made it a viral hit. The real point was to test English-learners’ knowledge of tricky bits of grammar, and to see how this correlates with the age at which their studies began. Do younger beginners do better because their earlier start gave them more learning time, or because they learned faster in early years? It can be hard to tease apart these two questions. But testing a huge amount of data against a number of possible learning curves allowed Mr Hartshorne to do precisely that. Many previous researchers had posited a drop-off at around puberty. The new study found it to be rather later, just after 17. Despite that later cut-off, learners must begin at around ten if they are to get to near-native fluency. If they start at, say, 14, they cannot accumulate enough expertise in the critical period. Unfortunately, 14 or so is precisely when many students, especially in America, are first introduced to a new language. (Even worse, this is an age when children are acutely sensitive to embarrassment in front of peers.) Children who start at five don’t do noticeably better than those who start at ten over their lifetimes. But there is still reason to begin in the first years of school. Because mastery takes a long time – perhaps 30 years until improvement ceases –, those who begin at five and are obliged to read and write English at university will by then have made much more progress than those who took the plunge at ten, even if their level is roughly the same by 40. The existence of the critical period is not a reason for anyone 11 or older to give up. Some people remain excellent language students into adulthood. And Mr Hartshorne tested some truly subtle features of grammar that take years to master. A language learned even to a lower level can still be extraordinarily useful at work or enjoyable while travelling. But for policymakers, the implication is clear. Earlier is better. Many bureaucrats can hardly see past reading and maths. That is a mistake for many reasons. This study demonstrates one of them. Nur zu Prüfzwecken – Eigentum des Verlags öbv
15 0 Some experts believe youngsters are good at language learning because they A use the language more correctly. B are better at remembering things than adults. C have an urgent need to learn. D can reproduce sounds more accurately than adults. 1 When it comes to learning the structures of a language, A youngsters are generally less successful than older learners. B older learners have problems learning them without textbooks. C youngsters have problems learning them from textbooks. D older learners can be just as successful as youngsters. 2 Mr Hartshorne’s study was an improvement on previous studies in that A a very large number of people participated. B it proved exactly what experts had always suspected. C the participants were invited to take part in a game. D it was carried out over a meaningful time span. 3 Mr Hartshorne’s research aimed to find out if there was a connection between A the participants’ mother tongues and their grammar competence. B the age of the participants and their grammar competence. C learners’ grammar competence and when they started writing in the language. D learners’ grammar competence and when they started learning the language. 4 To be successful at language learning, U.S. students A need to work harder on improving their skills. B should begin studying languages earlier than most currently do. C need to begin studying languages before the age of ten. D should be encouraged to be more self-confident. 5 The advantage for those who start learning languages very early on is that they A end up with much better language skills later in life. B benefit more from the critical period for effective learning. C will do well at English-speaking universities. D will continue to get better at languages longer than others. 6 In the author’s opinion, Mr Hartshorne’s research shows that A government officials often only have very basic skills nowadays. B the age they start learning a language does not matter for those with a talent. C some people in important positions need to reconsider their priorities. D older people can only learn a language well enough to use it on holiday. Nur zu Prüfzwecken – Eigentum des Verlags öbv
16 Listening f General tips Before listening, read the task carefully, including the title and picture. Start thinking about what the recording will deal with. If you know what to expect, it will be much easier for you to understand the content. Read the items (options, questions, sentence parts, etc.) carefully. Brainstorm different ways of expressing the same ideas. The language used in the recording will be different from the language in the items. Highlight relevant keywords and phrases in the questions or options. Pay special attention to expressions like ‘the biggest problem’, ‘at first he thought’ or ‘it puts the main focus on’. Expressions like these mean that you will hear about more than one idea and have to choose the correct one. Use the first time you listen to the recording to choose an answer to every question in a preliminary way. Use the second time to either confirm or change your choices. After listening for the first time, you don’t have to be sure about each answer yet. But you should have a good idea of the structure of the recording and know when you need to listen most closely. Multiple matching (sentence parts or statements to speakers) (MM) If you’re asked to match parts of sentences, pay attention to their grammatical structure as well as the content. Not all beginnings will be possible matches for all endings. You could try writing the letters of possible matches next to the first halves of the sentences before you listen. If you have to match speakers to statements, check the task carefully to see how many statements each speaker gets. This might vary from speaker to speaker. Multiple choice (MC) You may hear expressions or ideas from all four options, but only one answer is correct. Try crossing out options you’ve heard that are wrong. If you still aren’t sure about the answer to a question after listening for the second time, eliminate the options you know are wrong and then take a guess. Four-word sentence completion/Four-word answers (4W) Think about possible answers when reading the task. Does the question ask for a name or a number? Does the sentence need an object, a person or an activity to complete it? If the audio gives you more than one possible answer, write in only one of them. Never write answers like “he likes food/cars”. Words or phrases as you find them in the audio will not always function as answers or sentence completions, you might have to rephrase them. Never write more than four words. No matter how good your answer is, it will still be wrong. Don’t worry too much about spelling or grammar, your answer only has to be clear. Tips and tricks Go to www.oebv.at and type in the code p7fp8s to access the audio files you need for the following listening tasks. If you need the key and the transcripts, use this code: g55m3g. p7fp8s Nur zu Prüfzwecken – Eigentum des Verlags öbv
17 You are going to listen to a radio feature about TaskRabbit, an online job marketplace. First you will have 45 seconds to study the task below, then you will hear the recording twice. While listening, match the beginnings of the sentences (1–8) with the sentence endings (A–K). There are two extra sentence endings that you should not use. Write your answers in the spaces provided. The first one (0) has been done for you. After the second listening, you will have 45 seconds to check your answers. 1 p7fp8s Multiple matching (sentence halves) Taskers A be honest and reliable B hire occasional extra assistance C take a small percentage D catch up with jobs that need doing E supply any service a client might request F work in the hospitality industry G earn a minimum amount every month H buy an important item I work in other cities J sign up for regular hours K charge more per hour 0 TaskRabbit is designed to help people to . B 1 TaskRabbit claims to be able to . 2 Before joining TaskRabbit, Juan Diego used to . 3 Juan Diego expects to . 4 The idea for TaskRabbit originated after a couple had forgotten to . 5 Allie liked TaskRabbit because it isn’t necessary to . 6 If Allie’s clients give her good feedback, she hopes to . 7 Busy working mothers use TaskRabbit to . 8 Clients can be confident that taskers will . Nur zu Prüfzwecken – Eigentum des Verlags öbv
18 Listening Multiple choice You are going to listen to a recording about a short career in sports. First you will have 45 seconds to study the task below, then you will hear the recording twice. While listening, choose the correct answer (A, B, C or D) for each question (1–8). Put a cross ( ) in the correct box. The first one (0) has been done for you. After the second listening, you will have 45 seconds to check your answers. 2 p7fp8s 0 The football match on 23rd January was important for Cambridge fans because A their opponents were in the top division. B both teams were in the Premier League. C it was the first match of the season. D they had lost several games previously. 1 Maiorana had to leave the Cambridge United Junior Team when A he reached the upper age limit. B his father asked him to join the family business. C he was told he didn’t have the build for a footballer. D he had an offer from a better local team. 2 Maiorana thought the call from Manchester United was a joke because A the club contacted him at the weekend. B it was not long since the scout had seen him. C he was expected for training at such short notice. D he’d only played half a season with Histon. 3 When he started playing in the First Team, Maiorana felt A intimidated by his famous teammates. B homesick for his old club. C nervous about appearing on television. D unprepared for the large crowds. A former footballer Nur zu Prüfzwecken – Eigentum des Verlags öbv
19 4 The press said that Maiorana A had a great future. B could be a media star. C should play for England. D was the best player ever. 5 After his knee operation, Maiorana A gave up hope of doing any sport again. B knew he was too old to recover completely. C took up a completely new profession. D attempted to resume his playing career. 6 Maiorana dealt with his new situation by A getting support from former colleagues. B trying to avoid any contact with football. C helping young players where he lived. D immersing himself in his upholstery work. 7 Maiorana no longer felt regretful about the past once A he met his wife and got married. B his second child was born. C he got in touch with old friends on social media. D he realised he could be proud of his achievements. 8 Maiorana didn’t attend the big match in Cambridge because he A had given his ticket to his son. B didn’t want to see Cambridge beaten. C wanted to let other people have the opportunity. D thought it would bring back old memories. Nur zu Prüfzwecken – Eigentum des Verlags öbv
20 Listening You are going to listen to four young people from around the world talking about their response to climate change. First you will have 45 seconds to study the task below, then you will hear the recording twice. While listening, match the speakers with their statements (A–L). There are two extra statements that you should not use. Write your answers in the boxes provided. The first one (0) has been done for you. After the second listening, you will have 45 seconds to check your answers. 3 p7fp8s Multiple matching (speakers) Saving the planet Speaker 1 – Brian 0 1 Speaker 2 – Ella 2 3 Speaker 3 – Travis 4 5 6 Speaker 4 – Ava 7 8 9 A I was inspired by a news item I read online. B I want all power to come from sustainable sources in the future. C Many people in my locality are unaware of the situation. D Ocean pollution first alerted me to the environmental crisis. E The government wants to profit from the environment rather than protect it. F My country is experiencing unpredictable extremes of weather. G Getting an interview with a politician was a positive step for us. H My latest project has the support of some people from the world of entertainment. I Public events have become more environmentally-friendly as a result of my action. J Time is running out for people to rescue the situation. K Young voices attract attention and have a powerful impact. L I started choosing green alternatives at an early age. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 F Nur zu Prüfzwecken – Eigentum des Verlags öbv
21 Four-word answers You are going to listen to an interview about a plan for Glencrombie Estate in the Scottish countryside. First you will have 45 seconds to study the task below, then you will hear the recording twice. While listening, answer the questions (1–8) using a maximum of four words. Write your answers in the spaces provided. The first one (0) has been done for you. After the second listening, you will have 45 seconds to check your answers. 4 p7fp8s Rewilding 0 What’s the size of the Glencrombie Estate? 50,000 hectares 1 According to the presenter, what activities attract visitors to the Scottish Highlands? 2 What creatures inhabited the region in Roman times? 3 What happened to the forests in the 18th century? 4 How have the deer affected the landscape? 5 According to Donald Christie, where have wolves been successfully reintroduced? 6 Why does Fiona believe it will be impossible to reintroduce wolves? 7 What does Fiona say needs to be protected? 8 What other benefits does Donald believe the scheme would have? Nur zu Prüfzwecken – Eigentum des Verlags öbv
22 Listening You are going to listen to a podcast episode about a water purification system. First you will have 45 seconds to study the task below, then you will hear the recording twice. While listening, complete the sentences (1–8) using a maximum of four words. Write your answers in the spaces provided. The first one (0) has been done for you. After the second listening, you will have 45 seconds to check your answers. 5 p7fp8s Four-word sentence completion The drinkable book 0 The World Health Organisation says that the number of deaths from water-related illnesses is equal to the . population of Los Angeles 1 In many parts of the world, getting clean water can be time-consuming and . 2 The aim of the Drinkable Book Project is to make water purification . 3 The pages of the drinkable book can be used as . 4 The silver and copper nanoparticles on the paper . 5 To use the drinkable book, you first tear out a page and put it . 6 There’s no need to worry about the silver nanoparticles because they are . 7 The WATERisLIFE charity is requesting donations towards . 8 So far, the sheets have been made with the help of . Nur zu Prüfzwecken – Eigentum des Verlags öbv
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