English Unlimited HAK/HUM 3, Schulbuch mit Audio-CD und CD-ROM (mit Handelskorrespondenz)

40 Success 03 LANGUAGE SKILLS EXPLORE LOOK AGAIN EXTRAS Explore reading: Views on personality Read the introduction to a book about personality, Please understand me II by American psychologist David Keirsey. Say whether the people (1–9) below believe: a people’s behaviour depends on their inborn natural preferences. b people’s behaviour depends on other factors. a 51 Which do you think was the original title of this section of the book? a The influence of Sigmund Freud on 20th-century psychology b A short history of psychology c Temperament theory: Lost and found Read the text again. First decide whether the statements (1–8) are true (T) or false (F) and put a cross ( ) in the correct box. Then identify the sentence in the text which supports your decision. Write the first four words of this sentence in the space provided. There may be more than one correct answer: write down only one. The first one (0) has been done for you. b c 1 Hippocrates 2 Galen 9 the author of the book 5 Jung 6 Watson 3 Pavlov 4 Freud 7 Myers 8 Briggs ‰e idea that people are born with very di©erent innate temperaments or tendencies is very old. It was rst proposed by Hippocrates around 370 BC and the Roman doctor, Galen, developed the idea around 190 AD. ‰e idea continued in medicine, philosophy and literature up until the 19th century. At the beginning of the 20th century, however, another idea was proposed – the idea that people are born without innate natural tendencies or preferences. Ivan Pavlov, a Russian scientist, said that behaviour was the product of a simple mechanical response to stimulation, and he claimed to have demonstrated this with his famous experiments on dogs. John Watson, the rst American behaviourist, claimed he could form a child in any way that he wanted by ‘conditioning’ it to behave in a particular manner. Alongside behaviourism, many investigators at the beginning of the 20th century also believed that people were fundamentally alike and shared the same basic motive for everything they do. Sigmund Freud claimed we are all driven from inside by instinct and although many of his colleagues and followers disagreed with him on other points, most of them kept the idea of a single underlying motivation for our actions. ‰en in 1920, a Swiss doctor named Carl Jung disagreed fundamentally with Freud. In his book Psychological Types , he wrote that people are di©erent in essential ways. He said that we have a natural, innate inclination to either ‘extraversion’ or ‘introversion’, combined with an inborn preference for one of what he called the ‘four basic psychological functions’ – ‘thinking’, ‘feeling’, ‘sensation’, ‘intuition’. In spite of Jung’s work, for many years, the study of psychology was dominated by Freudian psychodynamics on the one hand and Pavlovian conditioning on the other. Behaviour was explained as due to unconscious motives or to past conditioning or to both. ‰en, in the middle of the 20th century, an American woman called Isabel Myers and her mother, Kathryn Briggs, discovered Jung’s book and, inspiredby this, they designed a questionnaire to identify sixteen patterns of action and attitude. By the 1990s, over a million people were taking this questionnaire every year, and interest in personality types was restored in both America and Europe. Perhaps people are not all the same, and their patterns of attitude and action are just as inborn as the shape of their body. Perhaps di©erent people are intelligent or creative in di©erent ways. Perhaps they communicate in di©erent ways. Perhaps they want to learn di©erent things at school. Perhaps they will be good at di©erent sorts of work. We can gain a lot by appreciating these funda- mental di©erences between people, and lose a lot by ignoring them. Nur zu Prüfzwecken – Eigentum des Verlags öbv