Prime Time 5, Coursebook mit Audio-CD

Use the past participle for past forms (present perfect tense, past perfect tense): Marco has done an online questionnaire. Before he left for work he had fed the cat. b) Participles as adjectives Present and past participles can also be used as adjectives : The winn ing team waved to their fans. ( active meaning) The defeat ed team left the field sadly. ( passive meaning) c) Participles in place of relative clauses Relative clause Participle construction active The woman who is talking to Marco is his personal adviser. Most of the students who take A-levels go on to university. The woman talking to Marco is his personal adviser. Most of the students taking A-levels go on to university. passive He was given a questionnaire which was specially written for Year 11 students. Marco is showing Pete a leaflet that was given to him by his adviser. He was given a questionnaire specially written for Year 11 students. Marco is showing Pete a leaflet given to him by his adviser. You can use participle constructions instead of relative clauses if the relative pronoun is the subject of the relative clause. Don’t use the relative pronoun in the participle construction. Just like in defining relative clauses there is no comma between the participle construction and the main clause. Use the present participle for active relative clauses (the adviser who is talking …) and the past participle for passive relative clauses (the leaflet which was written …) . The present participle can replace the progressive form (the adviser who is talking …) as well as the simple form (the students who take …) . d) Present and past participles in place of adverbial clauses Adverbial clauses, like adverbial phrases, refer to time, reasons or conditions. Adverbial phrase: in the rain Adverbial clause: when it rains Adverbial clauses are introduced by conjunctions like when, because, if, as , etc. Instead of adverbial clauses – especially of time and reason – you can also use participle constructions. They are more formal than adverbial clauses and are mostly used in writing. Adverbial clause of time Participle construction When he read the leaflet , Pete had lots of new ideas. Reading the leaflet , Pete had lots of new ideas. While she was looking for a seat on the bus, Naomi suddenly saw Marco outside. Looking for a seat on the bus , Naomi suddenly saw Marco outside. Adverbial clauses of time are often introduced by when, while or after . If they are changed into participle constructions the subject of the subordinate clause (he, she) is deleted because it is identical with the subject of the main clause (Pete, Naomi). 153 G Grammar Nur zu Prüfzwecken – Eigentum des Verlags öbv